Group 1 - noble grapes paints.
Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignom.
Aspect of the plant: leaves orbicular, dark green shiny curls with conical cylindrical, winged fruits
small, juicy, thin-skinned and blue-black color.
Wine produced: aromatic, rich in flavor and intense bouquet with traces of violet floral or fruity touch of
raspberries.
Nothing better to understand the complicated genetic group of wines than examining the varieties below. This study on
grape varieties, will help you identify the origins of many wines produced in Brazil.
The four groups are presented in descending order of quality, are: Noble - Superior - Superior Special and Common.
The vine is a plant hibernating, or require a period of absolute rest, of lethargy. During this period she
yields to natural phenomena and retracts. Loses its leaves and falls into a kind of vegetable decrepitude. He is left with only the
reserves accumulated during the growing season ended. With these reservations it must keep, and then rise again.
In general the vines go dormant in winter. It is, in most cases, the appropriate moment - cold, lack of
light and air; sleeping and expose yourself as little as possible. A timeout.
For two or three months vine await the moment in which the temperature will rise. Then, gradually begin
to open. Enters the spring, and starts to open up and develop to form and these fruits grow. Summer (time
of summer) assist the fruited vine vigorous and also will witness the moment of harvest and fruit drop
temporões. Only, when the fruits fall, summer will already be watching from afar and who will be approaching the
autumn, accompanied by the natural decrease of the temperature. The cycle will be closed again and the vine again,
hibernate.
The cycle lasts about 130-140 days. It is counted from the pruning and the count is only interrupted when the vine begins to
fructify. The species that have the number of days of the cycle below the average are called early and having the above are
calls late.
In addition there are other sugars in the pulp important chemical compounds: acids, esters (responsible for the aroma of the fruit)
minerals and vitamins. The sugars that appear most are glucose and fructose. For winemaking compounds
More important are the sugars and acids. The whole struggle of grape production for wine will turn to the control of these
two compounds. A good grape is one that has a good amount of sugar and balanced acidity.
The sensitive features berries differ from species to species. Color, taste, smell, texture, size, shape are
peculiar to each variety. Chromatically, berries cover an area ranging from green, through blue, the pink,
red, to black. As for taste, ranging between acid and sweet.
The seeds are in the center of the fruit, encased by the pulp. The amount of grapes seeds varies between two and
four. There is still no species. The seeds of the berries are rich in a substance called tannin. This substance has
bitter and astringent. Is also present along the stalk.
The film has a protective function. Involves the pulp and prevents natural phenomena acting directly on it. It is coated
by a substance called waxy bloom. The bloom gives more strength to the film and reduces the possibility of cracking.
Also it protects the skin of the fruit of excessive sunlight and contact with wind-borne microorganisms.
On the vine, the fruits - or berries - are presented in clusters. This grouping in the form of cluster is possible thanks
a skeleton called rachis. In many species the clusters vary in shape, compactness (intensity of distress with which
berries are arranged in the bunch) and size.
The rachis allows fruits or berries present themselves grouped in clusters.
Leaf stalks, fruits.
Three parts form the fruit or berry: film, pulp and seeds.
The flower is the reproductive organ of the vine. In the vine blossoms present in the form of clusters. Hundreds of flowers, which
after selfed give rise to fruits. The vine is a hermaphrodite plant, ie it autofecunda. In their
flowers are both male organ as female. There is therefore need for pollination so that the fruits are
generated. Still cross-fertilization is possible and is self fertilization. Witness the hybrid varieties,
which mostly are developed thanks to the interference of man. This type of pollination occurs when the flowers
the vine is borne insects.
Flowers on a branch of vine.
Flowers Vine.
Branch floriferous, Hermaphrodite, Female, Male.
The vine leaf area is large and its leaves are complete. Have limbo, sheath and petiole. The petiole is the part that
league limbo - the body of the sheet - the branches. The leaves are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which the crude sap
absorbed by the roots will be transformed into elaborated sap. The sap is drawn up a solution of water with organic materials.
Leaves, the sap will be forwarded to the rest of the plant through the vessels Liberians. On the sheet will remain only
the reserve starch, which, with the emergence of the fruit will be diverted in part to him, and subsequently transformed into
sugars in ripening.
Also called sticks, branches are organs expansive vine. Fixing on it the leaves, flowers and subsequently
the fruits. The branches of the vine are segmented by us, which is equivalent to spatially leaves potential. Have up
the branch alternately, that is, every node present in a given first, followed by a second, opposite side. Also
leaves with the same thing happens.
The gems are embryonic organs that give rise to branches. Are arranged by the stem and, at a second level, by the
branches. Are covered with protective scales and bloom during budding. Divided into vegetative buds and fruit
or germ.
Gems germ.
Gems germ are those that aroused result in fruitful branches. Characterized by being rounded and
bulky.
Vegetative buds.
The vegetative buds are smaller and pointed. Them derive the suckers that do not produce fruit or supply of
poor quality.
The roots are used to support the vine (vine) in the ground and also serve to remove water and nutrients
the earth. The water and minerals absorbed by the roots nourish the rest of the plant. After receiving absorbed
the name of raw sap. This sap is moving through the plant vessel timber, which rise through the stem and spread
by all agencies. The root system of the vine is aprofundante has expansive nature and tendency to absorb too much
soil water.
The grapevine or grapevine - as it is also called - sarmentosa is a plant, or has called stems shoots.
These are long stems, thin and flexible, they do not stand alone and need a screen to be able to
develop. Are typical of shrubs climbers. Because, this, the vine will grow haphazardly and without
if not regularly receive special care. It simply expands, reaching some support for
set up through the tendrils, which are their means of attachment.
The tendrils help the vine to climb on any bulkhead that touch.
In addition to the stem and the vine has tendrils other organs: roots, branches, buds, leaves, flowers and fruits. Each
represents one or several functions for maintaining the existence of the plant.
Members of the genus Vitis, vines make up the largest group of the plant kingdom. There are thousands of different varieties
created by nature or by man obtained through intersections. However, on the basis of this large number of varieties are
Only 60 species. Among them are: Vitis riparia, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris and Vitis vinifera. This last
species is used in the production of quality wines.
The best track on the globe to growing grapes is located where the seasons are well defined.
This range comprises the area between parallels 30 and 40, both in the northern hemisphere and the South
Enology, the science of wine
Study of wine, a fascinating science.
In 1863 the French wine trade Moneymaking underwent a serious crisis. Countries that import the product complained
its poor quality. Now, before being exported wines passed a strict control quatidade was
certainly during shipping the product to adulterava. Napoleon 3. concerned about the damage, searching the dentist,
and also wine lover, Louis Pasteur, stops to discover the source of the problem. Pasteur, between a sip and another does
thousand experiments with drink. Fill test tubes and realize that after some time the white wine becomes darker
red and lighter. Then fills the tubes and see only half the process is repeated and much faster.
Relating the effects of time and oxygen, the scientist discovers that the wine ages gradually and that
with exact amounts of oxygen, it can save its flavor for many years. In addition to saving Napoleon 3 bankruptcy,
Louis Pasteur began a new science, oenology.
Enology: The science of everything that is related to the production and storage of wine.
The rail link Caxias do Sul, Porto Alegre, in the 30s (1930), initiated the start of a wine trade, at
state and federal, expanding the limited regional trade, held until then. But it was the Rio Grande Winery Company
which enabled the deployment of specialized vineyards in species thinner such as Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Riesling,
Italic and Trebbiano grown since 1931, the famous Grange Union
Dona Isabel and Field Bugres two villages were founded in Rio Grande do Sul by Italian immigrants and now are
cities of Caxias do Sul and Bento Gonçalves. It is no coincidence that the first laboratory dedicated to
research on the wine emerged in these two cities, strongholds of the Italian traditions of manufacture of the drink. In the mid
twentieth century, the major wineries are opened in the country: Monaco, the Dreher, Armando Peterlongo Company and Rio
Grandense.Comparada to European traditions, the wine manufacturing in Brazil is still early. The first cooperative to benefit
viniculture was the Cooperativa Agrícola de Caxias, created at the beginning of the century. After it emerged Aurora and Garibaldi,
today the country's largest.
Vineyard area of Bento Gonçalves
The southern region, the variety Isabel, spread by other states. Today is grown in Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná,
Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul But the truth is that since D. 2 Peter, which favored the Italian immigration to
Gaucho campaign, advised by French botanist Saint-Hilaire, it is known that the region most favorable to viticulture is
southern Brazil. Today, most of our wines are from this region, confirming the predictions of Saint-Hilaire, in
last century.
"Land without a priest, without bread and without wine"
And so, heartbroken, Italian immigrants came to Brazil, referred to our land, after they have tried,
unsuccessfully to cultivate the seedlings here they had brought from Italy. Coming from Vicenza, Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, the
immigrants wanted to preserve their traditions and generous wine could not miss the table. In search of some variety that
could replace your seedlings, they discovered the Italian American castes and especially the variety Isabel.
And began to make their wines with them, although dissatisfied with their quality undoubtedly inferior to Italian wines.
In the late nineteenth century, come to Brazil Italian immigrants brought with them the same seedlings cultivated in Italy.
Planting rudimentary, however, contributed to be replaced by American caste.
Was a Portuguese nobleman, named Brás Cubas, who brought the first cuttings of vines to Brazil. Certainly a good
fond of the product, Brás Cubas not abandon the "little land" without bringing at least a guarantee of good times.
But it was not easy to cultivate this taste for a good drink. The plant has not adapted to their allotment by the sea and it took
transfer the vineyards to the plateau. Began in São Paulo, nearby Morumbi, Brazil's production of wine.
Later, other states were trying to get a product with the characteristics necessary for good wine. But it was in the South
the country, especially the cultivation of grapes for wine making found the most suitable conditions.
The friars, in the tranquility of their monasteries were responsible, throughout the Middle Ages, the cultivation of vineyards
in Europe. Their food frugal, bread, cheese and olives, did not release a good wine. Wise monks, who knew well
the pleasures of the world.
Even today many toasts are made with delicious Dom Perignon, but few people know who was this French friar. The smart
Monsignor Spanish snatched an invention, the stopper. Being a living liquid, the wine has a life, which is young, matures
and ages. To mature it needs air, but without excess to avoid turning into vinegar.
Possession of the secret of the cork, Dom Perignon devoted himself to perfecting his wine. By tradition, the wines were kept in
wooden casks and had a duration of one year. Moreover, they were usually consumed on the spot manufacturing.
Using glass bottles, which existed at that time, the bottled Dom Perignon champagne, protected it with cork and released
your wonderful wine to the four corners of the world. Also in Portugal, in the late eighteenth century, in Oporto, the wine
now be stored in bottles with stoppers and seal. And just Portugal and Spain have become the two largest exporters
cork, material so far essential for the preservation of wine.
It was the Romans, through their achievements, which released the grape cultivation in Europe is North Africa. Like wine
was one of the main export products of the Roman Empire, the Romans were only allowed to cultivate it. The Gauls,
however, used a stratagem, which eventually spread the cultivation of vineyards throughout France. Welcoming and friendly, the
Gauls conquered the friendship of the Romans and sold them their lands. Pledged to help them in the cultivation of vines,
since they could remain in them. After harvesting, the lands were resold and how the law did not say that the vines should
be removed, the cultivation of vines, capriciously, was spreading throughout France.
When the Romans withdrew from Gaul, left several wineries: Burgundy, Champagne, Côtes du Rhône, Bordeaux and Paris.
Of these, only Paris is disabled. The other still produce very fine wine, unmistakable flavor. Until today the wine
French is considered one of the best in the world. This reputation is due in part to the rigorous quality control done since
the time of Louis XII, the first king who bothered to enact laws for quality control. It is said that the castle
Mouton Rothschield, entire harvests that did not meet the requirements were destroyed not to compromise the validity of
wines.
Not to compromise the origin of the wine, Louis XII of France, was the first to lower quality control laws,
producing bureaucratic, so the prime requirement connoisseurs drink.
Courtiers interrupt work of farmers.
Model of Roman barrel.
Throughout the Middle Ages until the eighteenth century, the wine was stored in wooden casks.
Chinese vase.
The production of wine in the ancient world was made from sweet grapes, crushed in huge tanks. Then, the content was
transferred to the amphorae, capped and stored on terraces under sunlight.
Seizing the entire Greek culture, or the gods fled to the Romans. Dionysius was so turned Bacchus and their parties,
the bacchanalia. If today bacchanalian orgy mean, this is precisely the time that comes its meaning, remembering the tributes
God made this drunkard, with great music and novels suspects.
It was the Greeks that the Romans learned, among other things, the art of drinking wine. Since they were not so good
manufacturers, was among the Roman wine brands best and worst. It was there that brought the first "special reserves",
good wines exclusive Emperors. Romans were famous wines like coecubum the surrentium and falenus.
Augustus had the exclusive wine of Setia, Caesar preferred to Messina and Petronius was nothing without Falerno 100 years
glorified and perpetuated the "Satyricon".
We have all heard someone say, in jest, that wine is a divine remedy. In fact, in ancient Greece, Hippocrates, known as the patron of medicine, already prescribing to their patients the wine as a laxative, antipyretic, antiseptic and diuretic. Also among the Hindus, since the year 2000. C., the wine was already valued and their properties
recognized medicinal. It was even used as an efficient anesthetic preoperatively. In Rome, the medicine took advantage of the therapeutic properties of wine. Galen, the great encyclopedist of medicine, with wine disinfected the wounds of gladiators.
Parallel to the role and is represented in the table, religion, and economy of the people, the wine must be prescribed by doctors as a healthy drink, which is nothing new, as Dioscorides, the father of pharmacology in the first century of our was, and Hippocrates of Kos, the father of medicine, four centuries before, already mentioned his role as medicine.
From Noah to the days running, the wine made a script through the world, experiencing different cultures, lending itself to numerous
functions. In Egypt it was used at the funerals of pharaohs. Uploaded by slaves in large amphorae, their presence would be
secured the masters in the afterlife. Even then there were various types of wine, one for every occasion. Betting
in their aphrodisiac powers, Cleopatra Marco Antonio served wine Anthylla a gold amphora decorated with stones
precious. Or maybe to seduce your lover with the delicious drink, the jealous queen really wanted to know all
secrets of Marco Antonio. After all, "in vinu Veritas" (Truth in Wine) since the Romans said.
In Greece, Dionysus, Dionysus or as some would like, the god of wine, harvest and fertility, the principle was repudiated by the aristocracy, who did not consider drunkenness within their aesthetic standards, but was integrated into the pantheon of Greek gods, such its importance to the people. The Dionysian ritual, often swayed by the excessive consumption of wine, had a more grandiose at certain times of the year when it was the representation of the life of God, which, over time, gave rise to the Greek theater.
The art in ceramics was another branch that gained vitality with the wine, as it was kept and transported in amphorae, valued by the shape and the paint applied to them.
As for the value of the gustatory Greek wine of the season, we have our doubts ... From what can be deduced, it was a rosy overly sweet, probably with a slight touch of resin, so concentrated that needed to be shaken before being drunk.
"Vita vinum est." (Wine is life) - are the words that Petronius puts into the mouth of one of the characters in his work Satyricon. So much for the poor as for the rich, the wine was a genre of first necessity in Rome. The Roman wine already has exceptional properties for conservation, and is not only stored in amphorae, but also in casks and bottles. At the time of Augustus (27 BC to 14 d. C.) still enjoyed the wine sweet and strong, often undergo a process of "cooking" as our current wood. Often added to brine during fermentation to enhance the softness of the wine and the like to prevent mildew. By around 169 AD, special wines were still whites, but drank up wine in day-to-day Roman.
Dionysus is adopted by the Romans under the name of Bacchus (Dionysus was known as the Lydia). The bacchanalia were the celebration of their worship and their character as orgiastic and delirious, marked mainly by the maenads that dressed only in lion skins, frantic dances performed. For other women, the information we have is that in the early days of Rome, were forbidden to drink wine because production was scarce, with permission to be kissed by the guardians to check whether or not they had transgressed the law.
Greek mythology tells that Zeus did grow a vine to quench thirst and tiredness of his son Dionysius, who then created the wine, stimulating drink. Dionysus, the god of fertility has also become the god of wine. But, as might be expected, even in Greek tragedy wine appeared. Legend has it that Dionysus fell in love with Princess Erigone. To
gain in-law, King Icarus, Dionysus gave him a vine. Icarus offered his shepherds wine produced by this fruit vine. As the drink was really tasty and the shepherds unaware hangover, drink till you drop. The next day, still stunned imagined that the king had tried to poison them. Furious, unite and kill
Icarus. Princess Erigone, heartbroken at his father's death, committed suicide. For Dionysius conform with the loss of loved one, just a really good drunk ... and one drunk memorable.
Version Roman mosaic of the God Dionysus.
For the Greeks, wine was a creation of Dionysus, god of fertility, joy and own drink. In Rome,
Dionysus (Bacchus to the Romans) was celebrated with great wine in the famous orgies.
In Egypt, Osiris, the god of the afterlife, was the patron of the vine, and the Egyptians not only drank wine as used to purify the altar and the victim in religious sacrifices. In addition, wine jars were part of the treasures that should accompany the royal mummies in their last trip. In the tomb of Tutankhamen 36 amphorae were found, and in 33 of them contained the name of the chief winemaker and 26 are "labeled", bringing various information such as the origin, age or classification ("sweet", "new" or "great quality").
A legend about the wine that seems curious is the Persian, reported by Omar Khayyam
Jamsheed was a Persian king at whose court the grapes were preserved in jars so they could be eaten out of season. On one occasion, one of the pitchers began to exhale a strange smell, and the grapes it contains foaming, so the kettle was put aside for anyone to poison. A young harem, suffering terrible headaches, decided to commit suicide by drinking "poison", only that instead of causing his death, the brew brought peace and a sleep that gave him strength. The king, after hearing the story of young commanded to make a larger quantity of wine, so he and his court could take it.
