How to choose and plant the rootstocks for vines.

How to choose and plant the rootstocks for vines.

Currently rootstocks are essential for any vintner who want to reap good grapes. The rootstocks are
varieties of wild vines very resistant to some pests, especially the Phylloxera vitifoliae.
Until the mid-nineteenth century rootstocks were not adopted. Emerged early in the second half of the century as a solution
for a large Phylloxera epidemic that threatened the survival of the viticulture world. This pest attacking the roots of
European varieties and destroyed. It turned out that the American varieties, due to their hardiness, had roots
resistant to attack by this pest, although their branches and leaves were attacked. From there it moved to adopt the
rootstocks to avoid new dangers and protect Vitis viniverae extermination.

Before planting any variety of vine, it is necessary to plant the rootstock. Normally - in the Southern Hemisphere -
this is done in the middle of the year, around July-August and the year before grafting the variety chosen. The rootstock
will have one year to develop, adapt to the environment and establish good roots. After a year it will be merged with the variety
grafted. The rootstock is also called the horse, and grafted variety, knight or canopy.

The rootstock is not chosen randomly. Should be selected according to the climate, soil and species to be grafted.
The choice of rootstock correct reverts to increase the quantity and quality of fruit.

The rootstock should be planted in pits, trenches or in the Surribas prepared. Are placed in a cavity of
so that they are at least two buds exposed. After placement is essential and watering the horse and all that the area
surrounds. Furthermore it is necessary with the aid of a Chaco timber or a stick, compact soil around the well
the rootstock. To avoid failures is advisable to plant two rootstocks per hole.

Systems on grapevines.

Systems on grapevines.

By owning and stem sarmentoso be a vine to vine needs to be conducted. For this there are several systems
Driving. The main practices adopted in Brazil are the trellis and trellis. There are others, such as T, the manger, the semilatada.
These, however, are intermediate between the two main types.

Factors like driving system used, can even double the size of the spacing, as between
trellis and trellis.

Cordon training system.
The trellis is the most used system for the conduct of Vitis vinifera. These are parallel fences. Them the branches
support to grow vertically without crossing. This system has advantages and disadvantages compared to the trellis.
If on one hand provides a better quality product (easy insolation and ventilation), on the other limits the amount
of fruits produced.

Conduction system trellis.
The trellises are presented as arbors. Thus occupy more space than the trellises, which are presented in the form
fences. The trellises prevent the plant is fully exposed, limiting the contact of the vines with the sun and air.
However, the fact be partially closed makes it a suitable place for moisture and consequently to the development
fungi.

The trellis system driving fomece larger amount of fruits, limiting the contact of the vines with the sun and air.

Opting for latticework trellises or depends on the intention of the grower.

If your intention is to get lots of fruits, the trellis is the best way. If the quality, the best way is
the trellis. Regarding the construction of both the material used is primarily wood and wire.

Wood to build the foundation or fence posts - that's how they are called the poles that hold the steering - and wire
to secure the plant.

The spacing will not only ensure a useful area for each individual vine and develop, but also the distance
required for any machine traffic.

The fertilization of the grapevine.

The fertilization of the grapevine.

The fertilizer will be determined by laboratory tests. The grower should follow the directions of these tests and minister
fertilizer use in a rational way. Anyway some things can be identified with a certain margin of
accuracy even before a specific examination. One is the addition of lime. Hardly this material
no longer be used. First, as already mentioned, due to the low pH in most Brazilian soils. This makes
the scale is applied from the early stages of preparing the soil so that pass virtually a part of it.
Second, because it meets the needs of calcium and magnesium plant. Third because it contributes to the plant adapts
fertilization that will be executed.

The roots of the vine remove soil inorganic and organic material composing the raw sap. In addition to meeting the needs
plant fertilization, restores soil possible losses. So the grower should consider it for a good crop.

This fertilizer will be divided into organic and inorganic. The inorganic fertilizer to addressing shortages of minerals
soil. Phosphorus is often the nutrient element added in larger quantities. The organic fertilization, instantly can
be made to cover the land itself. Dead or alive, this coverage may be used.

Soil Preparation for growing vines

Soil Preparation for growing vines

Soil Preparation for growing vines

In the laboratory all the chemistry of the soil will be scrutinized. His riches and deficiencies organic and inorganic as well
as its texture. From the findings in the laboratory can start preparing the soil itself, adding
fertilizer, lime and organic matter necessary. But this increase will only occur after plowing, disking and the opening
the pits. Necessarily the soil should be moldboard plowed. Plowing aims to homogenize the soil, eliminating the small
slopes and roll it to make it more permeable. The harrowing, in turn, aims to eliminate lumps,
that is, the compact blocks that damage the land drainage and leave the surface of heterogenous. Implemented these practices
part to the opening of the spaces where the seedlings will be deposited.

Opening of the soil.
The soil can be opened in three ways. In the form of trenches, pits, or through a process called surriba.

- The gutters are continuous trenches measuring on average 80cm wide by 60cm deep. Are usually
opened in soils more compact and depending on the case are used backhoes.

- The pits are isolated cavities, open one by one. The ideal size is 60cm wide by 60cm long by 60cm
deep.

- The surriba is a deep plowing. Consists in removimento all terrain with the aid of machines.

Once opened new ground care must be taken, especially in the first two forms (pit and trench).
It should remove the soil that is removed to the surface and mix with the ground. These are different lands. The land
soil is rich in organic material. It is what interests the plant. So it is important that it is distributed around
the root. The only way to do this is through the mixture. Without it the earth's surface will stop at the most
funds of the pits and ditches.

The ideal soil for the vines have an average texture, or is formed by a mixture of sand (coarse particles) and
clay (fine particles).